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Vivenciamos a trajetória de uma usuária-guia no tratamento para tuberculose multidroga resistente (TB-MDR). As narrativas das redes vivas na produção de cuidado apontam para os seguintes itens: 1) cuidar no ato de viver: suplantar os estigmas e cultivar vínculos que ajudem a superar os discursos fomentados pelo medo, preconceitos, exclusão e invisibilidade dos sujeitos; 2) redes vivas de cuidado: os entremeios da norma; e 3) as interfaces de atenção usuário-trabalhador da saúde: como desmistificar o julgamento dos trabalhadores da saúde, que, subordinados a protocolos limitantes, muitas vezes estigmatizam o usuário como "abandonador de tratamento"?. A usuária-guia vislumbrou que cuidar é se desterritorializar, é colocar os desejos como potência para transformação, saindo do modus operandi rumo à criatividade, tendo o usuário no centro do processo. (AU)
Presenciamos la trayectoria de una usuaria-guía en el tratamiento para tuberculosis multidrogo resistente (TB-MDR). Las narrativas de las Redes Vivas en la producción de cuidado señalan: 1) cuidar en el acto de vivir: suplantar los estigmas y cultivar vínculos que ayuden a superar los discursos fomentados por el miedo, prejuicios, exclusión e invisibilidad de los sujetos. 2) Redes Vivas de cuidado: los entresijos de la norma y 3) las interfaces de atención usuario-trabajador de la salud: ¿cómo desmistificar el juicio de los trabajadores de la salud quienes, subordinados a protocolos limitantes, muchas veces estigmatizan al usuario como "abandonador de tratamiento"? La usuaria-guía vislumbró que cuidar es desterritorializarse, es colocar los deseos como potencia para trasformación, saliendo del modus operandi rumbo a la creatividad, colocando al usuario en el centro del proceso. (AU)
We followed the trajectory of a guiding user undergoing treatment for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). The narratives of Live Networks in care production showed: 1) Caring in the act of living: Overcoming stigmas and cultivating bonds that help overcome discourses fostered by fear, prejudice, exclusion and invisibility of subjects; 2) Live Networks of care: The in-betweens of the norm; and 3) Interfaces of user-health worker care: How can we demystify the judgment of health workers who, subordinated to limiting protocols, often stigmatize the user as someone who "abandons the treatment"? The guiding user perceived that caring means deterritorializing oneself, expressing one's desires as power for transformation, and leaving the modus operandi towards creativity, with the user at the center of the process. (AU)
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Abstract Objectives: to identify the scientific evidence on excessively resistant and multidrug resistant tuberculosis in pediatric patients. Methods: this is a scope review of the literature, with a guiding question: "What is the scientific evidence on multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in pediatric patients?". The research used the descriptors: "extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis" OR "multidrug-resistant tuberculosis" AND "pediatrics". The research was carried out in a double-blind manner in the following databases of the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, Regional Office for the Western Pacific's Institutional Repository for Information Sharing, Embase/Elsevier and International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, with a temporal cut-off from 2011 to 2021, sending a final synthesized sample of 18 articles, which evaluated the methodological content through the level of evidence. Results: the results show the lack of research with a high level of evidence related to MDR-TB in children, the lack of adequate dosage of second-line drugs for the pediatric population and the importance of drug sensitivity testing for the cases of treatment Conclusions: it was identified that the obstacles to MDR-TB treatment were concentrated in the lack of detailed protocols, safe drug dosages with a low side effect, and mainly in the social health determinants and disease process involving MDR-TB.
Resumo Objetivos: identificar as evidências científicas sobre tuberculose excessivamente resistente e multidroga resistente em pacientes pediátricos. Métodos: trata-se de uma revisão de escopo da literatura, tendo como questão norteadora: "Quais as evidências científicas sobre tuberculose multidroga-resistente (TB-MDR) e tuberculose extensivamente resistente em pacientes pediátricos?" A pesquisa usou os descritores: "tuberculose extensivamente resistente a medicamentos" OR "tuberculose resistente a múltiplos medicamentos" AND "pediatria". A pesquisa foi realizada de modo duplo-cego nas bases de dados Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, Regional Office for the Western Pacific's Institutional Repository for Information Sharing, Embase/Elsevier e International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, com um corte temporal de 2011 a 2021, sendo a amostra final sintetizada de 18 artigos, nos quais avaliou-se o conteúdo metodológico por meio do nível de evidência. Resultados: os resultados mostraram a escassez de pesquisas de alto nível de evidência relacionadas à TB-MDR em crianças, ausência de posologia adequada das drogas de segunda linha para o público pediátrico e a importância do teste de sensibilidade a drogas para o tratamento dos casos. Conclusões: identificou-se que os obstáculos do tratamento TB-MDR se concentraram na ausência de protocolos detalhados, de dosagens medicamentosas seguras e com menor efeito colateral, e, principalmente, nos determinantes sociais do processo saúde e doença que envolvem a TB-MDR.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/therapy , Drug Therapy , Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis/therapy , Social Determinants of HealthABSTRACT
Introducción: la tuberculosis farmacorresistente sigue siendo endémica y un importante problema de salud pública a nivel mundial, lo que resulta en una alta morbilidad. Las personas con diabetes son más susceptibles a las infecciones debido a la inmunosupresión, por lo que es importante reconocer los factores que predisponen a la tuberculosis farmacorresistente. Objetivo: identificar a la diabetes como factor asociado a la tuberculosis farmacorresistente en pacientes del Programa de prevención y control de la tuberculosis de un hospital peruano nivel II-2 del 2015 al 2021. Metodología: se realizó un estudio analítico de casos y controles, pareados por edad y sexo, se incluyó 66 pacientes con tuberculosis farmacorresistente (casos) y 198 pacientes con tuberculosis sensible (controles). Se utilizó la prueba de chi-cuadrado para el análisis bivariado y el cálculo del Odds Ratio. Se utilizó la regresión logística múltiple para el análisis multivariado. Resultados: el 9,1% de los casos y el 4% de los controles tenían diabetes, con OR 2,48 (IC 95% 0,68 - 8,47) y sin diferencias significativas. En el análisis multivariado, la diabetes fue estadísticamente significativa, aumentando el OR a 3,40 (IC 95% 1,01 - 11,49; p= 0,01). Conclusión: la diabetes se asoció con un mayor riesgo de tuberculosis farmacorresistente en pacientes del Programa de prevención y control de la tuberculosis en un hospital peruano nivel II-2.
Introduction: Drug-resistant tuberculosis continues to be endemic and a major public health problem worldwide, resulting in high morbidity. People with diabetes are more susceptible to infections due to immunosuppression, threfpre it is important to recognize the factors that predispose to drug-resistant tuberculosis. Objective: To identify diabetes as a factor associated with drug-resistant tuberculosis in patients of the Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Program of a level II-2 Peruvian hospital from 2015 to 2021. Methodology: An analytical case-control study was carried out, matched by age and sex, including 66 patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis (cases) and 198 patients with sensitive tuberculosis (controls). The chi-square test was used for the bivariate analysis and Odds Ratio calculation was also made. Multiple logistic regression was used for multivariate analysis. Results: 9.1% of the cases and 4% of the controls had diabetes, with OR 2.48 (95% CI 0.68 - 8.47) and without significant differences. In the multivariate analysis, diabetes was statistically significant, increasing the OR to 3.40 (95% CI 1.01 - 11.49; p= 0.01). Conclusion: Diabetes was associated with an increased risk of drug-resistant tuberculosis in patients of the Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Program at a level II-2 Peruvian hospital.
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Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) has become one of the major challenges in the global tuberculosis (TB) control.Despite years of efforts on MDR-TB control,the treatment success rates in China have increased slowly,which indicates possible deficiencies in the management of prevention and control work.Therefore,it is necessary to analyze the current status of MDR-TB prevention and treatment based on the patient pathway.This review summarizes the current drop-out situation of MDR-TB patients in the diagnosis and treatment pathway and the factors affecting patients' outcomes in the whole pathway,so as to provide a scientific reference for the prevention and control of MDR-TB.
Subject(s)
Humans , Antitubercular Agents/therapeutic use , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/prevention & control , Treatment Outcome , ChinaABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Background: Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a serious global public health concern associated with social vulnerability. In Brazil, the Unified Health System (SUS, Portuguese) provides free diagnosis and treatment for MDR-TB; however, other expenses may still be incurred for patients and their families which, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), can be catastrophic when these costs surpass 20.0% of the annual household income. This study aimed to assess the extent of catastrophic costs related to the diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of MDR-TB among patients receiving care at an outpatient clinic in Rio de Janeiro. Methods: This prospective study used convenience sampling from July 2019 to June 2021. Data regarding direct and indirect costs were collected using a standardized questionnaire endorsed by the WHO. To analyze any impoverishment occurred from MDR-TB, a threshold established by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics for 2019 and 2020 of US$ 79,562 and US$ 94,5273, respectively, was applied. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis, including mean; standard deviation; variation coefficient; median; and maximum, minimum, and interquartile ranges. Results: A total of 65 patients were interviewed. Among the participants, 73.8% experienced catastrophic costs, with indirect costs exerting the most significant impact (median: US$ 3,825.9), in contrast to direct costs (median: US$ 542.7). When comparing the periods before and after diagnosis, the prevalence of poverty increased from 12.0% to 28.0%. Conclusions: Despite the support from the SUS in Brazil, diagnostic and therapeutic cascades incur additional costs, exacerbating social vulnerability among patients with MDR-TB.
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ABSTRACT Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading causes of death by infectious diseases worldwide. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis is a growing problem, especially in countries with high TB prevalence. Although the lungs are the organs most frequently affected by this disease, Mycobacterium tuberculosis can harm any organ, including the urogenital tract, causing extrapulmonary tuberculosis, which leads to a challenging diagnosis and consequent treatment delays. In this article, we present a case of orchiepididymitis caused by multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) with a significantly delayed diagnosis, the proposed treatment according to the resistance profile, and the clinical outcomes.
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ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the impact of COVID-19 on the morbidity and mortality associated with drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB). Methods: A comprehensive review of articles published in international databases since December 2019 was conducted. The findings are presented in a narrative format, supplemented with tables, diagrams, and a map created using ArcGIS software. Results: Thirty-five studies were selected, highlighting the significant consequences of COVID-19 on TB and DR-TB treatment progress. Four main thematic areas were identified: Clinical and epidemiological aspects of the interaction between COVID-19 and DR-TB; Management of physical resources and the team; Challenges and circumstances; Perspectives and possibilities. Conclusions: This study revealed that the COVID-19 pandemic significantly negatively impacted the control of long-standing diseases like TB, particularly in the context of morbidity and mortality related to DR-TB.
RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de COVID-19 en la morbilidad y mortalidad asociada con la tuberculosis resistente a medicamentos (DR-TB). Métodos: Se realizó una revisión integral de artículos publicados en bases de datos internacionales desde diciembre de 2019. Los hallazgos se presentaron de forma narrativa, complementados con tablas, diagramas y un mapa creado con el software ArcGIS. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 35 estudios que destacaron las consecuencias significativas de COVID-19 en el progreso del tratamiento de la TB y la DR-TB. Se identificaron cuatro áreas temáticas principales: "Aspectos clínicos y epidemiológicos de la interacción entre COVID-19 y DR-TB", "Gestión de recursos físicos y del equipo", "Desafíos y circunstancias" y "Perspectivas y posibilidades". Conclusiones: Este estudio reveló que la pandemia de COVID-19 tuvo un impacto negativo significativo en el progreso del control de enfermedades antiguas como la TB, especialmente en el contexto de la morbilidad y mortalidad relacionada con la DR-TB.
RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto da COVID-19 na morbimortalidade associada à tuberculose resistente a medicamentos (DR-TB). Métodos: Realizou-se uma revisão abrangente de artigos publicados em bases de dados internacionais a partir de dezembro de 2019. As evidências foram apresentadas de maneira narrativa, com o suporte de tabelas, diagramas e um mapa elaborado no software ArcGIS. Resultados: Foram selecionados 35 estudos que destacaram as consequências significativas da COVID-19 nos avanços no tratamento da TB e da DR-TB. Quatro áreas temáticas foram identificadas: "Aspectos clínicos e epidemiológicos da interação entre COVID-19 e DR-TB", "Gestão de recursos físicos e da equipe", "Desafios e circunstâncias" e "Perspectivas e potencialidades". Conclusões: Este estudo evidenciou que a pandemia de COVID-19 teve um impacto negativo significativo na progressão do controle de uma doença ancestral como a TB, especialmente no contexto da morbimortalidade por DR-TB.
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ABSTRACT Background: We aimed to evaluate the costs of GenoType® MTBDRplus and MTBDRsl incurred during the diagnosis of first- and second-line drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) in São Paulo, Brazil. Methods: Mean and activity-based costs of GenoType® were calculated in a referral laboratory for TB in Brazil. Results: The mean cost value and activity-based cost of GenoType® MTBDRplus were USD 19.78 and USD 35.80 and those of MTBDRsl were USD 54.25 and USD 41.85, respectively. Conclusions: The cost of GenoType® MTBDRplus was reduced owing to the high number of examinations performed and work optimization.
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OBJECTIVE@#This study aims to estimate the cost-effectiveness of the combined chemotherapy regimen containing Bedaquiline (BR) and the conventional treatment regimen (CR, not containing Bedaquiline) for the treatment of adults with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in China.@*METHODS@#A combination of a decision tree and a Markov model was developed to estimate the cost and effects of MDR patients in BR and CR within ten years. The model parameter data were synthesized from the literature, the national TB surveillance information system, and consultation with experts. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of BR vs. CR was determined.@*RESULTS@#BR ( vs. CR) had a higher sputum culture conversion rate and cure rate and prevented many premature deaths (decreased by 12.8%), thereby obtaining more quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) (increased by 2.31 years). The per capita cost in BR was as high as 138,000 yuan, roughly double that of CR. The ICER for BR was 33,700 yuan/QALY, which was lower than China's 1× per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2020 (72,400 yuan).@*CONCLUSION@#BR is shown to be cost effective. When the unit price of Bedaquiline reaches or falls below 57.21 yuan per unit, BR is expected to be the dominant strategy in China over CR.
Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Antitubercular Agents/therapeutic use , Cost-Effectiveness Analysis , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/drug therapy , China/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Background: The emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) (defined as resistance to at least isoniazid and rifampin) poses a threat to global TB control. Second line drugs are frequently associated with very high rates of unacceptable adverse drug reactions (ADRs), needing frequent interruption and change of regimen. Different studies have stated varying incidence of these adverse effects leading to discontinuation of ATT. Aims and Objectives: This study intends to find out the occurrence of side effects of anti-TB drugs in patients receiving MDR treatment. Material and Methods: The present prospective cross-sectional observational study was carried out at Drug-Resistant TB Center at Govt. Medical College Kota for a period of July 2018 to June 2019. Patients with adverse events after the introduction of treatment of MDR-TB were included in the study. We monitored the patients with adverse events after starting treatment till the patients were admitted and later followed up by recalling the patients at monthly intervals. Results: Out of total 148 patients majority patients (64.81%) were in the young age group (20–39 years) with male: female ratio 2:1. Out of the 148 patients, 112 patients developed at least one or more types of ADR and a total of 15 types of ADR. Gastrointestinal upset was the most common ADR reported (62.16%) followed by joint pain (41.89%) and headache (36.48%). About 60.74% of all ADRs were managed by symptomatic treatment. 32 (21.62%) patients required change of regimen.Twelve patients (8%) discontinued treatment due to adverse reactions. Conclusion: Treatment of MDR-TB with second-line antitubercular drugs is associated with high rate of adverse effects experienced in more than half of patient in this study. Ototoxicity and neuropsychiatric symptoms are major adverse effects lead to important drug withdrawl from the regimen. The health care professionals should be alert during the intensive phase of the treatment, identify symptoms at the earliest and hence help in minimizing morbidity.
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Objective:To analyze the adverse reactions of patients with multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis treated with linezolid, and to provide reference for clinical rational use of drugs.Methods:A total of 189 patients with multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis who were admitted to Hunan Chest Hospital between June 2019 and June 2020 were retrospectively included, and were divided into the linezolid group and the control group. The control group was given a standardized anti-tuberculosis treatment without linezolid, and the linezolid group was given linezolid in addition to standardized regimens. The occurrences of hematological toxicity, peripheral neuritis, optic neuritis and other adverse reactions in the two groups after anti-tuberculosis treatment were recorded. The risk factors for adverse reactions of linezolid were analyzed. Statistical analysis was performed using independent samples t test and chi-square test, and logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors for adverse reactions of linezolid. Results:A total of 189 patients with MDR-TB were included in this study, including 108 in the linezolid group and 81 in the control group. There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics between the linezolid and control groups. The frequencies of leukopenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, peripheral neuritis and optic neuritis in the linezolid group were 20.4%(22/108), 47.2%(51/108), 21.3%(23/108), 20.4%(22/108) and 13.9%(15/108), respectively, which were all significantly higher than those in the control group (8.6%(7/81), 27.2%(22/81), 9.9%(8/81), 1.2%(1/81) and 4.9%(4/81), respectively), and the differences were all statistically significant ( χ2=4.90, 7.86, 4.40, 15.86 and 4.10, respectively, all P<0.050). Patients older than 45 years of age was independent risk factor for leukopenia (odds ratio ( OR)=3.08, 95% confidence interval ( CI) 1.03 to 9.25, P<0.050) and thrombocytopenia ( OR=2.41, 95% CI 1.09 to 5.35, P<0.050) after linezolid administration. The higher value of white blood cell at baseline ( OR=0.48, 95% CI 0.30 to 0.76, P=0.002) was an independent protective factor for leukopenia associated with linezolid. Conclusions:Pancytopenia, peripheral neuritis and optic neuritis are prone to appear when linezolid is used to treat patients with multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis. In clinical practice, closely monitoring the adverse reactions during the use of linezolid for anti-tuberculosis treatment is needed.
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Resumo Introdução A tuberculose drogarresistente (TBDR) é um dos grandes desafios para a saúde pública. Objetivo Este estudo analisou a tendência temporal da TBDR e a razão da proporção dos tipos de resistência no estado de Pernambuco, no período de 2002 a 2014. Método Trata-se de um estudo observacional do tipo tendência temporal de série histórica utilizando dados do Sistema de Informação de Tratamentos Especiais da Tuberculose e análise pelo modelo autorregressivo de médias móveis de ordem 2. Resultados Foram notificados 298 novos casos de TBDR, com incidência variando entre 0,06 e 0,71/100 mil habitantes. Pelo menos 1 caso foi notificado em 40 dos 185 municípios do estado. A tendência temporal da TBDR e da proporção entre os tipos de resistência não apresentou comportamento linear. Nos últimos cinco anos, houve uma tendência ascendente, concentrando 71,1% dos casos da série histórica. Em 2014, foi observado um crescimento expressivo tanto da TBDR primária como da secundária, quando comparado ao ano de 2002. Conclusão Apesar da baixa incidência e de a tendência da TBDR não ter comportamento linear, o aumento de casos nos últimos anos da série histórica pode ser considerado um sinal de alerta para os programas de controle da doença em Pernambuco.
Abstract Background Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (DRTB) is one of the most relevant challenge to public health. Objective This study analyzed the temporal trend of the DRTB and resistance types in the state of Pernambuco, from 2002 to 2014. Method This was an observational study of the temporal trend type of a historical series using data from the Special Treatment Information System of Tuberculosis (SITE-TB) and also analysis by the autoregressive moving average models of order 2. Results A total of 298 new DRTB cases were reported, ranging from 0.06 to 0.71 per 100,000 inhabitants. At least one case was reported in 40 of the 185 municipalities in the state. The temporal trend of DRTB and the proportion between resistance types did not present a linear behavior. In the last 5 years, there has been an upward trend, concentrating 71.1% of the historical series. In 2014, there was an expressive growth of both primary and secondary DRTB, when compared to the year 2002. Conclusion Despite the low incidence and tendency of DRTB not to be linear, the increase in cases in the last years of the historical series can be considered as a warning sign for the disease control programs of Pernambuco.
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INTRODUCCIÓN: la tuberculosis es una enfermedad infecto-contagiosa, causada por diversas especies del Complejo Mycobacterium tuberculosis, actualmente se estima que un tercio de la población mundial se encuentra afectada por lo que representa una amenaza para la salud pública, principalmente por el surgimiento de cepas Multidrogorresistentes (TB-MDR). En Bolivia se reportaron 7.538 personas enfermas con Tuberculosis, los últimos datos sobre TB-MDR indican un aumento de 0,2% por año, en 2019 se registró un 3,1% de TB-MDR. Actualmente en nuestro país se emplean métodos moleculares para la identificación de este agente infeccioso; no obstante, existen muy pocos o ningún trabajo acerca de la aplicación de métodos moleculares para la detección precisa y efectiva de cepas TB-MDR que otorguen validez a los resultados emitidos. Este trabajo resuelve el cuestionamiento de, si la PCR en tiempo real (RT-qPCR) acoplada a curvas melting es una herramienta de diagnóstico alternativo aplicable, para la identificación de Tuberculosis Multidrogorresistente MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: se trabajó con 74 cepas de Mycobaterium tuberculosis fenotípicamente identificadas por cultivo (método de las proporciones, Canetti Rist) como gold standar. El material genético para las pruebas moleculares se obtuvo por el método de columnas, se utilizaron dos controles primarios para la determinación de resistencia a los fármacos Isoniacida y Rifampicina, tanto los controles como las muestras se procesaron por RT-qPCR acoplada a curvas melting, mediante cambios de temperatura de disociación. RESULTADOS: los parámetros de test diagnóstico de la prueba demostraron sensibilidad: 67.4%, especificidad: 83.3%, Exactitud: 73.97%, VPP: 85.3%, VPN: 64.1% para Isoniacida. Mientras que para Rifampicina: Sensibilidad: 97%, especificidad: 20%, exactitud: 58.9%, VPP: 55.4% y VPN: 87.5%. CONCLUSIÓN: el método evaluado para la determinación de resistencia a Isoniacida presenta un equilibrio entre sensibilidad y especificidad, por lo que representa una alternativa diagnóstica confiable, mientras que para resistencia a Rifampicina presenta una alta sensibilidad que es muy útil para países endémicos como el nuestro.
INTRODUCTION: tuberculosis is an infectious-contagious disease, caused by various species of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex, it is estimated that one third of the world population is affected by what represents a threat to public health, mainly by the emergence of multidrugresistant strains (MDR-TB). In Bolivia, 7,538 people are reported sick with Tuberculosis, the latest data on MDR-TB indicate an increase of 0.2% per year, in 2018 there was 3.1% of MDR-TB. Currently in our country molecular methods are used to identify this infectious agent; however, there is very little or no work on the application of molecular methods for the precise and effective detection of MDR-TB strains that give validity to the results issued. This work resolves the question of whether real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) coupled to melting curves is an applicable alternative diagnostic tool for the identification of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis MATERIALS AND METHODS: we worked with 74 strains of Mycobaterium tuberculosis phenotypically identified by culture (method of proportions, Canetti Rist) as a gold standar. The genetic material for molecular methods was obtained by the column assay, two primary controls were used for the determination of resistance to the drugs Isoniazid and Rifampicin, both the controls and the samples were processed by RT-qPCR coupled to melting curves, by means of temperature changes of dissociation. RESULTS: the diagnostic test parameters of the test demonstrated sensitivity: 67.4%, specificity: 83.3%, Accuracy: 73.97%, PPV: 85.3%, NPV: 64.1% for Isoniazid. While for Rifampicin: Sensitivity: 97%, Specificity: 20%, Accuracy: 58.9%, PPV: 55.4% and NPV: 87.5% CONCLUSION: the method evaluated for the determination of resistance to Isoniazid presents a balance between sensitivity and specificity, therefore it represents a reliable diagnostic alternative, while for resistance to Rifampicin it presents a high sensitivity that is very useful for endemic countries such as ours.
Subject(s)
Polymerase Chain Reaction , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Rifampin , Tuberculosis , Public Health , IsoniazidABSTRACT
Objetivo: analisar a percepção de pessoas com tuberculose sobre o itinerário terapêutico da tuberculose resistente e em retratamento. Materiais e método: pesquisa descritiva, com abordagem qualitativa, realizada com pessoas com tuber-culose resistente ou em retratamento por abandono ou recidiva. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, que, depois de transcritas, foram submetidas à análise de conteúdo e, posteriormente, analisadas à luz do referencial teórico sobre itinerário terapêutico. Resultados:na percepção das pessoas com tuberculose resistente ou em retratamento, evidenciou-se o pouco entendimento sobre a doença e a recidiva, principalmente quanto à causa. No itinerário terapêutico em busca dos serviços para atender às necessidades de saúde apontaram a centralização do atendimento no serviço hospitalar. A adesão esteve remetida ao abandono do tratamen-to anterior, à necessidade de voltar à rotina e ao medo de transmissão para os familiares. As ações de auto-cuidado se relacionaram à adesão ao tratamento, ao uso de equipamentos de proteção individual e à adoção de hábitos de vida mais saudáveis. Conclusões: os itinerários tera-pêuticos de pessoas com tuberculose aconteceram em diferentes níveis da atenção à saúde, especialmente nos centros especializados. Em cada serviço, analisaramse diferentes experiências quanto ao entendimento sobre a doença, ao tratamento e aos diferentes sentimentos durante o percurso do tratamento. Diante disso, os profissio-nais necessitam fazer uso de estratégias que considerem a complexidade do uso de múltiplos medicamentos, a necessidade de monitoramento da adesão e da atenção às comorbidades.
Objetivo: analizar la percepción de las personas con tuberculosis sobre el itinerario terapéutico de la tuberculosis resistente y en retratamiento. Materiales y método: investigación descriptiva, con enfoque cualitativo, realizada con personas con tuberculosis resistente o en retratamiento por abandono o recaída. Los datos fueron recolectados por medio de entrevistas semiestructuradas, que luego de ser transcritas fueron sometidas a análisis de contenido y posteriormente analizadas a la luz del marco teórico sobre itinerario terapéutico. Resultados: en la percepción de las personas con tuberculosis resistente o en retratamiento había poco conocimiento sobre la enfermedad y la recaída, especialmente en cuanto a la causa. En el itinerario terapéutico en busca de servicios para satisfacer las necesidades de salud, apuntaron a la centralización de la atención en el servicio hospitalario. La adherencia se relacionó con el abandono del tratamiento previo, la necesidad de volver a la rutina y el miedo a la transmisión a los familiares. Las acciones de autocuidado se relacionaron con la adherencia al tratamiento, el uso de equipos de protección personal y la adopción de hábitos de vida más saludables. Conclusiones: los itinerarios terapéuticos de las personas con tuberculosis tuvieron lugar en diferentes niveles de atención de salud, especialmente en centros especializados. En cada servicio se analizaron diferentes experiencias en cuanto a la comprensión de la enfermedad, el tratamiento y las diferentes sensaciones en la trayectoria del tratamiento. Por lo tanto, los profesionales deben hacer uso de estrategias que consideren la complejidad del uso de múltiples medicamentos, la necesidad de monitorear la adherencia y la atención a las comorbilidades
Objective: To study the perception of people with tuberculosis about the therapeutic itinerary of resistant tuberculosis and its retreatment. Materials and method:Descriptive research, with a qualitative approach, carried out with people with resistant tuberculosis or subject to retreatment due to abandonment or relapse. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, which after being tran-scribed were submitted to content analysis, and, subsequently, analyzed in the light of the theoretical frame-work on therapeutic itinerary. Results: The perception of people with resistant tuberculosis or under retreatment shows little understand-ing about the disease and its relapse, especially regarding the cause of the disease. In the therapeutic itinerary in search of services to meet health needs, they pointed to the centralization of care in the hospital service. Adherence was related to the abandonment of previous treatment, the need to return to a routine, and fear of transmission to family members. Self-care actions were related to adher-ence to treatment, the use of personal protective equipment and the adoption of healthier lifestyle habits. Conclusions: Therapeutic itineraries of people with tuberculosis took place at different levels of health care, particularly in specialized centers. In each service, different experiences were examined regarding the under-standing of the disease, its treatment, and the different feelings involved during the treatment. Therefore, professionals should deploy strategies that consider the complexity of using multiple medications and the need to monitor adherence and existing comorbidities.
Subject(s)
Humans , Tuberculosis , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant , RetreatmentABSTRACT
Introdução: A tuberculose multidroga-resistente (TB-MDR) é um fenômeno grave em escala global, e muitos desafios são enfrentados no Brasil para a prevenção do surgimento de novos casos, e ainda garantir o sucesso de tratamento entre aqueles diagnosticados, e diante da pandemia da COVID-19 isso se tornou ainda mais complexo. Assim, o estudo objetivou compreender os determinantes da tuberculose multidroga-resistente segundo a percepção dos profissionais de saúde, que prestam cuidado direto a pacientes sob essa condição de saúde, e ainda os desafios e ou estratégias para adesão, considerando o contexto da pandemia da COVID-19 em município prioritário para o controle da doença no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo qualitativo, com recrutamento intencional, de quatorze profissionais de saúde, sendo quatro médicos, três enfermeiras, três técnicos de enfermagem, três auxiliares de enfermagem e uma assistente social, que estavam na linha de frente no cuidado aos pacientes com TB-MDR. Aplicou-se entrevistas semiestruturadas remotas com esses profissionais, orientadas por roteiro estruturado. Para a análise dos dados, aplicou-se a análise de conteúdo modalidade temática, de acordo com referencial teórico dos determinantes sociais da saúde. Resultados: Os profissionais referem como principal causa da TB-MDR, a adquirida, devido à situação de pobreza, desigualdade e privação social. Em relação à pandemia COVID-19, os profissionais revelaram interferência no acompanhamento/ seguimento dos pacientes, o que pode prejudicar na sua conclusão do tratamento e transmissão comunitária. Verificou-se ainda, cortes nos auxílios e ou benefícios sociais que cobriam os pacientes, recursos importantes para a equidade em saúde e adesão ao tratamento. Os profissionais relataram preocupações quanto ao adoecimento das pessoas, também por COVID-19, e assim vêm adotando estratégias para que isso não ocorra, com reforço à estratégia DOTS. Conclusão: O estudo avança no conhecimento ao evidenciar os desafios enfrentados pelo sistema de saúde para a adesão de pacientes com TB-MDR em um contexto agravado pela pandemia. As estratégias definidas por esses profissionais de saúde têm garantido o alcance da equidade e evitado o encontro catastrófico entre TB-MDR e COVID-19
Introduction: Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a serious phenomenon on a global scale, and many challenges are faced in Brazil to prevent the emergence of new cases, and to ensure the success of treatment among those diagnosed, and in the face of pandemic of COVID-19, this has become even more complex. Thus, the study aimed to understand the determinants of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis according to the perception of health professionals, who provide direct care to patients under this health condition, and also the challenges and / or strategies for adherence, considering the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in a priority municipality for disease control in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Methods: A qualitative study was carried out, with intentional recruitment, of fourteen health professionals, four doctors, three nurses, three nursing technicians, three nursing assistants and a social worker, who were at the forefront in patient care with TB-MDR. Remote semi-structured interviews were applied with these professionals, guided by a structured script. For data analysis, thematic modality content analysis was applied, according to the theoretical framework of the social determinants of health. Results: Professionals refer to acquired as the main cause of MDR-TB, due to the situation of poverty, inequality and social deprivation. In relation to the COVID-19 pandemic, the professionals revealed interference in the follow-up / follow-up of patients, which can impair their conclusion of treatment and community transmission. There were also cuts in aid and / or social benefits that covered patients, important resources for equity in health and adherence to treatment. The professionals reported concerns about people's illness, also due to COVID-19, and so they have been adopting strategies so that this does not happen, reinforcing the DOTS strategy. Conclusion: The study advances in knowledge by highlighting the challenges faced by the health system for the adherence of patients with MDR-TB in a context aggravated by the pandemic. The strategies defined by these health professionals have ensured the achievement of equity and avoided the catastrophic encounter between TB-MDR and COVID-19
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Tuberculosis/diagnosis , Qualitative Research , Social Determinants of Health/statistics & numerical data , COVID-19ABSTRACT
Neste estudo, estimou-se a proporção e os fatores associados à subnotificação da tuberculose multirresistente (TB-MDR) no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, assim como a proporção de óbitos nesse grupo. Realizou-se um estudo de coorte retrospectiva, utilizando a técnica de relacionamento probabilístico entre sistemas de informação. Os casos com resultado do teste de sensibilidade às drogas (TSA) com padrão TB-MDR registrados no Sistema Gerenciador de Ambiente Laboratorial (GAL), no período 2010 a 2017, foram relacionados com casos notificados no Sistema de Tratamentos Especiais de Tuberculose (SITETB). Regressões logísticas simples e múltipla foram realizadas para estimar os fatores associados à subnotificação. Para verificar o óbito, foi realizada a busca dos casos no Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM) e no portal do Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Dos 651 casos TB-MDR no GAL, 165 não haviam sido notificados no SITETB, perfazendo uma subnotificação de 25,4% na amostra. Entre os casos subnotificados, 61 (37%) foram encontrados nos registros de óbito. Na análise múltipla, ter o exame solicitado por um hospital (OR = 2,86; IC95%: 1,72-4,73) esteve associado à subnotificação. No geral, o tempo médio entre a solicitação do exame e a liberação do resultado foi de 113 dias. Entre os casos notificados, o tempo médio entre a solicitação do exame e o início do tratamento foi de 169 dias. Diante disso, é urgente fortalecer as ações de vigilância epidemiológica na TB-MDR, estabelecer e monitorar núcleos de vigilância hospitalar e as rotinas de notificação de TB nos hospitais, rever etapas operacionais, além de unificar os diversos sistemas de informação tornando-os mais ágeis e integrados.
This study estimated the proportion of underreporting of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and associated factors in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, as well as the proportion of deaths in this group. A retrospective cohort study was conducted using probabilistic database linkage. Cases with the results of the drug sensitivity test (DST) with MDR-TB pattern recorded in the Laboratory Environment Management System (GAL) from 2010 to 2017 were linked to cases reported to the Special TB Treatments System (SITETB). Simple and multiple logistic regressions were performed to estimate factors associated with underreporting. Death was verified by search for cases in the Mortality Information System (SIM) and in the portal of the Rio de Janeiro State Court of Justice. Of the 651 cases of MDR-TB in the GAL, 165 had not been reported to the SITETB, meaning an underreporting rate of 25.4% in the sample. Among the unreported cases, 61 (37%) were identified in the death records. In the multiple analysis, the fact that the test was ordered by a hospital (OR = 2.86; 95%CI: 1.72-4.73) was associated with underreporting. Overall, the mean turnaround time between ordering the test and releasing the result was 113 days. Among reported cases, the mean time between ordering the test and initiating treatment was 169 days. The results underline the urgent need to strengthen epidemiological surveillance activities for MDR-TB, establish and monitor hospital surveillance centers and routine TB reporting in hospitals, review operational stages, and integrate various information systems to make them more agile and integrated.
En este estudio se estimó la proporción y los factores asociados a la subnotificación de la tuberculosis resistente a múltiples fármacos (TB-MDR) en el Estado de Río de Janeiro, Brasil, así como la proporción de óbitos en ese grupo. Se realizó un estudio de cohorte retrospectiva, utilizando la técnica de relación probabilística entre sistemas de información. Los casos con resultado del test de sensibilidad a las drogas (TSA) con patrón TB-MDR, registrados en el Sistema Gerenciador de Ambiente Laboratorial (GAL), en el período 2010 a 2017, se relacionaron con casos notificados en el Sistema de Tratamientos Especiales de Tuberculosis (SITETB). Se realizaron regresiones logísticas simples y múltiples para estimar los factores asociados a la subnotificación. Para verificar el óbito, se realizó la búsqueda de los casos en el Sistema de Información sobre Mortalidad (SIM) y en el portal del Tribunal de Justicia del Estado de Río de Janeiro. De los 651 casos TB-MDR en el GAL, 165 no habían sido notificados en el SITETB, lo que equivale a una subnotificación de un 25,4% en la muestra. Entre los casos subnotificados, 61 (37%) se encontraron en los registros de óbito. En el análisis múltiple, que el examen haya sido solicitado por un hospital (OR = 2,86; IC95%: 1,72-4,73) estuvo asociado a la subnotificación. En general, el tiempo medio entre la solicitud del examen y la llegada del resultado fue de 113 días. Entre los casos notificados, el tiempo medio entre la solicitud del examen y el inicio del tratamiento fue de 169 días. Ante esto, es urgente fortalecer las acciones de vigilancia epidemiológica en la TB-MDR, establecer y supervisar núcleos de vigilancia hospitalaria y las rutinas de notificación de TB en los hospitales, revisar etapas operacionales, además de unificar los diversos sistemas de información haciéndolos más ágiles e integrados.
Subject(s)
Humans , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/drug therapy , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Logistic Models , Retrospective Studies , Hospitals , Antitubercular Agents/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Abstract INTRODUCTION: The intensification of research and innovation with the creation of networks of rapid and effective molecular tests as strategies for the end of tuberculosis are essential to avoid late diagnosis and for the eradication of the disease. We aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of Xpert®MTB/RIF (Xpert) in the diagnosis of drug-resistant tuberculosis in reference units, in scenarios with and without subsidies, and the respective cost adjustment for today. METHODS: The analyses were performed considering as criterion of effectiveness, negative culture or clinical improvement in the sixth month of follow-up. The comparison was performed using two diagnostic strategies for the drug susceptibility test (DST), BactecTMMGITTM960 System, versus Xpert. The cost effectiveness and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) were calculated and dollar-corrected for American inflation (US$ 1.00 = R$ 5,29). RESULTS: Subsidized Xpert had the lowest cost of US$ 33.48 (R$67,52) and the highest incremental average efficiency (13.57), thus being a dominated analysis. After the inflation was calculated, the mean cost was DST-MGIT=US$ 74.85 (R$ 396,73) and Xpert = US$ 37.33 (R$197,86) with subsidies. CONCLUSIONS: The Xpert in the diagnosis of TB-DR in these reference units was cost-effective with subsidies. In the absence of a subsidy, Xpert in TB-DR is not characterized as cost effective. This factor reveals the vulnerability of countries dependent on international organizations' subsidy policies.
Subject(s)
Humans , Tuberculosis/diagnosis , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/diagnosis , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics , Sensitivity and Specificity , Cost-Benefit AnalysisABSTRACT
El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo realizar una validación de un aplicativo móvil Open Data Kit (AM-ODK) en contactos expuestos a tuberculosis multidrogorresistente (TB-MDR) en Lima. Utilizando un cuestionario en una aplicación en un dispositivo móvil Android, se registraron 129 contactos intradomiciliarios de 29 casos índice de TB-MDR en tratamiento, en diez establecimientos de salud de Lima Sur en agosto de 2018. Se encontró un tiempo medio de registro por contacto de cuatro minutos. La frecuencia de síntomas de TB activa entre los contactos de TB-MDR fue 3,1%. Treinta y un encuestados completaron un cuestionario de aceptabilidad; todos manifestaron sentirse cómodos o muy cómodos con el registro de sus datos en AM-ODK, aunque 10% expresó inquietudes sobre la confidencialidad. Se concluye que el AM-ODK fue una herramienta viable y aceptable para registrar contactos intradomiciliarios expuestos a casos con TB-MDR. Estudios futuros deberían considerar el uso de plataformas móviles para el monitoreo de contactos de TB-MDR.
This study aimed to validate an ODK digital mobile application (ODK-DMA) in contacts exposed to multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in Lima, Peru. Using a questionnaire in an application on a mobile device, we registered 129 household contacts of 29 index cases of MDR-TB under treatment in 10 health facilities in South Lima in August 2018. The mean time of registration per contact was found to be 4 minutes. The prevalence of active TB symptoms among MDR-TB contacts was 3.1%. An acceptability questionnaire was completed by 31 respondents; all reported feeling comfortable or very comfortable with recording their data in the ODK-DMA, although 10% expressed concerns about confidentiality. We concluded that the ODK-DMA was a feasible and acceptable tool for registering household contacts exposed to cases with MDR-TB. Future studies should consider the use of mobile platforms for the monitoring of MDR-TB contacts.
ABSTRACT
multidroga resistência é um fenômeno evolutivo considerado iatrogênico, devido a sua origem ser proveniente de tratamentos inadequados, abandono e/ou por esquemas terapêuticos de baixa potência contra o Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Dessa forma, tem-se como objetivo analisar a discursividade das pessoas com tuberculose multidroga-resistente acerca dos determinantes da sua condição de saúde, e as barreiras enfrentadas para o cuidado em saúde em Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo exploratório, que utilizou o referencial teórico-metodológico da Análise de Discurso de Matriz Francesa, elaborado a partir do Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research, realizado em Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil. Quatorze participantes foram elegíveis aos critérios de inclusão, entretanto, sete participantes, que estavam em tratamento no momento da entrevista, participaram do estudo. Da análise dos discursos dos participantes emergiram quatro blocos discursivos: (1) Impacto dos determinantes sociais no desenvolvimento da tuberculose multidroga-resistente; (2) Barreiras enfrentadas para o cuidado em saúde da tuberculose multidroga-resistente; (3) Percepções sobre os efeitos colaterais e seu impacto no tratamento da tuberculose multidroga-resistente; e (4) Tuberculose multidroga-resistente e COVID-19: um diálogo necessário. Por meio das formações discursivas, essas demonstraram os determinantes da tuberculose multidroga-resistente. Considerando a complexidade envolvida na dinâmica da tuberculose multidroga-resistente, avançar em termos de equidade em saúde, ou seja, na redução de desigualdades sociais, é um desafio para as políticas públicas, principalmente no atual contexto vivenciado no Brasil, de acentuada crise econômica, política e social. Os estressores psicossociais e a falta de suporte social também devem ser destacados como determinantes intermediários da saúde. O estudo também evidenciou a situação da COVID-19, que consiste como uma importante barreira para as pessoas acometidas pela doença que buscam atendimento. Os participantes relataram medo, insegurança e preocupação em relação ao retorno às consultas médicas, o que pode contribuir para o agravamento da tuberculose no cenário em estudo
Subject(s)
Humans , Social Support , Public Health/education , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant , Form Perception , Mycobacterium tuberculosisABSTRACT
Objectives:To analyze the outcome of treatment of patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis （MDR-TB） in Shandong Province from 2013 to 2017， and to discuss the impact of the global fund's multi-drug prevention and control program （hereinafter referred to as “ the Program”） on the outcome of treatment of MDR-TB patients， so as to provide a basis for the formulation of MDR-TB prevention and control strategy in Shandong Province. Methods:Information of MDR-TB patients in Shandong Province from 2013 to 2017 was collected from the TB Management Information System， and Excel was used for statistical analysis. Descriptive analysis was conducted on the number of MDR-TB patients found， treatment rate， and successful treatment rate in the province， 5 project cities， and other non-project cities. SPSS16.0 statistical software was used for data analysis. Chi-square test was performed for comparison between rates （P<0.05）. Result:The successful treatment rate in the province was the highest in 2014 （53.85%） and the lowest in 2017（22.93%）， with a statistically significant difference （χ2=40.96，P<0.001）. The treatment rate in the whole province increased year by year， from 66.97% to 85.06%， and the difference was statistically significant （χ2=30.53，P<0.001）. The successful treatment rate was above 46% every year between 2013 and 2016， and decreased to 22.93% in 2017， with a statistically significant difference （χ2=40.96，P<0.001）. The proportion of lost patients increased year by year since 2014， reaching 70.95% in 2017， with a statistically significant difference （χ2=2.32，P<0.001）. In 2017， the number of patients found in the five project cities was the lowest in five years. Conclusion:The result of the project has an impact on the discovery， treatment and management of MDR-TB patients in Shandong Province. There is an urgent need to pay more attention to and actively explore prevention and treatment strategies for MDR-TB at the provincial level.